Healthy Food
Street sellers, particularly in developing countries, supply large amounts of food __1__ people on low incomes. This sector also employs some 6-25% of the work force, mainly women, in developing countries, and provides markets for agricultural and other produce. In many countries, __2__, the authorities are not willing to recognize it __3__ a formal sector of the food supply system, they may ignore it in food control programs or even try to put an end to ___4___.
There are two possible contaminants: pathogenic micro-organisms ___5___ hazardous chemicals. As ___6___ as micro-organisms are concerned, there is apparently no convincing evidence that street foods are more involved in the transmission of infection than foods obtained in, e.g. hotels. Studies in Egypt and elsewhere have found street foods to compare not unfavorably with hotel ___7___ in respect of contamination with micro-organisms—some street foods were found to be contaminated with pathogens, but so were foods from four-and five-star ___8___ in the same area.
Hazardous chemicals have been found in street foods, and food exposed for sale on roadsides may become contaminated by lead from vehicle exhausts.
Health dangers may arise ___9___: purchase of raw ___10___ of poor quality; improper storage, processing, and cooking, leading ___11___ reuse of water; limited piped drinking-water; lack of refrigeration; unsatisfactory waste-disposal facilities; and personal cleanliness. The authorities should take ___12___ account the potentials of different categories of food for transmitting disease, and should control appropriately for the different __13___—sellers of bottled drinks require less control than those of food. Dry foodstuff, dried grains, and sugared foods are less likely to transmit disease than gravies, cooked rice, and low-acid milk, egg, and meat products. Similarly foods which are thoroughly cooked and eaten at ___14___ are safer than precooked food kept at high temperatures ___15___ several hours.
1. A) for B) on C) by D) at
2. A) but B) however C) besides D) what
3. A) to B) about C) as D) of
4. A) them B) those C) its D) it
5. A) and B) or C) for D) with
6. A) farther B) far C) more D) many
7. A) disease B) diseases C) food D) foods
8. A) hotels B) houses C) buildings D) generals
9. A) at B) with C) from D) to
10. A) food B) thing C) matters D) materials
11. A) to B) about C) from D) around
12. A) at B) to C) into D) in
13. A) price B) prices C) category D) categories
14. A) once B) twice C) all D) home
15. A) about B) at C) before D) for
Hospital Mistreatment
According to a study, most medical interns report experiencing mistreatment, including humiliation by senior doctors, _____1_____ threatened, or physical abuse in their first year out of medical school.
The findings come from analysis of the _____2_____ a 13-page survey mailed in January 1991 to 1, 733 second-year residents. The survey and _____3_____ appear in the April 15th issue of the Journal of the American Medical Association.
Overall, out of the 1,277 residents_____4_____ completed surveys, 1,185 said that they had experienced at least one incident of mistreatment in their intern year. _____5_____ reporting incidents where they were abused, more than 45% of the residents said they had witnessed at least one incident where other persons _____6_____ false medical records. Moreover, nearly three quarters of the residents said they had witnessed mistreatment of patients by other residents, attending physicians, or nurses. Almost 40% said patient mistreatment was a frequent _____7_____.
More than 10% of the residents said they were _____8_____ to have enough sleep, and the average number of hours _____9_____ sleep was 37.6. The average on-call hours during a _____10_____ week was 56.9 hours, but about 25% of the residents said their on-call assignments were more than 80 hours some weeks. _____11_____ 30% of the residents said they experienced some type of sexual harassment or discrimination, verbal abuse was the most common problem cited. When abusive incidents were limited to events occurring three or more times, 53% of the respondents reported that they _____12_____ belittled or humiliated by more senior residents, while just over 21% reported someone taking credit for their work. Being “_____13_____ tasks for punishment,” “being pushed, kicked or hit,” and _____14_____ someone “threatening your reputation or career,” were reported as a more _____15_____ occurrence by over 10% of the responding residents.
1. A) be B) been C) were D) being
2. A) responsive B) responses to C) respond to D) responding
3. A) analyze B) analysis C) having analyzed D) be analyzed
4. A) who B) which C) whom D) whose
5. A) In spite of B) In addition to C) Because D) Although
6. A) had made B) have made C) has made D) make
7. A) events B) happens C) event D) happen
8. A) allowed not B) not allowed C) allow not D) not allow
9. A) without B) on C) with D) because of
10. A) unusual B) typical C) easy D) difficult
11. A) In spite of B) Therefore C) Although D) So
12. A) are B) be C) must be D) were
13. A) give B) giving C) gave D) given
14. A) had B) have C) having D) has
15. A) frequent B) frequency C) dependent D) independent
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