The Net Cost of Making a Name for Yourself
      Companies are paying up to $10, 000 to register a domain name on the Internet even though there is no guarantee that they will get the name they want.
      The task of registering domains ending in .com, .org, .edu and .net is at present contracted out by the US government to the Virginia-based company Network Solutions. The contract runs out this year, and the government wants to bring in a different scheme.
      But last year, an ad hoc committee of the Internet’s great and good revealed its own plan. This involved setting up seven new domains, each indicating the kind of business or organisation using that name. The committee recruited 88 companies around the world to act as registrars for its .firm, .shop, .web, .arts, .rec, .info and .nom domains. The US government has still to give the system its blessing, and may yet push ahead with its original scheme. Despite this, the 88 registrars have been taking applications for several months. They are due to start registering names this month with the Internet Council of Registrars, which grew out of the ad hoc committee.
      To prevent conflicting names from being registered, the council will take one name from each registrar in turn before going back for the second name in their queues, and so on. This has led to a flourishing trade, with companies trying to buy a place near the head of the queue. Global Names of Singapore is charging $10, 000 to make sure a request for a name is the first one it sends off to the central database. Other registrars are charging nonrefundable deposits for places at the top of the queue. David Maher, chairman of the Policy Oversight Committee that is helping to set up and oversee the system, says that all registrars are subject to local laws regarding consumer protection and competition. But he says that the committee “will not act as an enforcement body in this are A.”

1. The domain name “.edu” is operated by
  A. the US government.
  B. the company Nerwork Solutions.
  C. Internet Council of Registrars.
  D. both A and B.

2. The .firm, .shop, .web, .arts, .rec, .info and .nom domains are NOT run by
  A. a temporary committee organized by Internet’s influential services.
  B. the US government.
  C. 88 registrars.
  D. Internet Council of Registrars.

3. Global Names of Singapore is
  A. a company which applies for a name on the Internet.
  B. a registrar.
  C. a company under the supervision of Policy Oversight Committee.
  D. the central database.

4. How can a company successfully register a name with the Internet?
  A. It must pay up to $10, 000 or a nonrefundable deposit.
  B. Its application must be the first one at the top of the registration queue.
  C. It must get approval from the Policy Oversight Committee.
  D. Both A and B.

5. What is the meaning of the phrases “net cost” in the title?
  A. The amount of money covering the basics.
  B. The registration fee for a domain name on the Internet.
  C. The amount of money for the construction of a network in a company.
  D. The amount of money paid to the Internet service annually.
Retinal Prosthesis Help the Blind Regain Eyesight
      Famed singer Stevie Wonder can’t see his fans dancing at his concerts. He can’t see the hands of his audience as they applaud wildly at the end of his Superstition.
      Blind from birth, Wonder has waited his whole life for a chance to see. Recently, Wonder visited Mark Humayan, a vision specialist. He thought that a new device currently being studied by Humayan might offer him that chance.
      The device, a retinal prosthesis, is a tiny computer chip implanted inside a patient’s eye. The chip sends images to the brain and allows some sightless people to see shapes and colors. Wonder hoped the retinal prosthesis might work for him. “I’ve always said that if ever there’s possibility of my seeing,” said Wonder, “then I would take the challenge.”
Unfortunately for Wonder, that challenge will have to wait. Humayan explained that the device isn’t ready for people who have been blind since birth. Their brains may not be able to handle signals from a retinal prosthesis because their brains have never handled signals from a healthy eye.
      However the retinal prosthesis and other devices show great promise in helping many other sightless people who once had vision see again.  Perhaps one day soon, some formerly sightless people may be in Wonder’s audience looking up—and seeing him—for the very first time.
      Wonder’s willingness to take part in retinal prosthesis studies and the results of those studies are giving new hope to people who thought they would be blind for the rest of their lives. More than one million people in the United States are considered legally blind, meaning that their eyesight is severely impaired. Another one million are totally blind.
Two types of specialized cells in the retina—rods and cones—are critical for proper vision. Light enters the eye and falls on the rods and cones in the retinal. Those cells convert the light to electrical signals, which travel through the optic nerve to the brain. The brain interprets those signals as visual images. Rods detect light at low levels of illumination. For instance, rods allow you to see faint shadows in dim moonlight. Cones, on the other hand, are most sensitive to color. Some diseases can damage cells in the retina. For instance, macular degeneration causes blindness and other vision problems in 700, 000 people in the United States each year. The condition is caused by a lack of adequate blood supply to the central part of the retina. Without blood, the rods, cones, and other cells in the retina die.
      Devices such as the retinal prosthesis won’t prevent or cure our eye diseases, but they may help patients who have eye disorders regain some of their vision. Different forms of retinal prostheses are currently being developed. On one type, a tiny computer chip is embedded in the eye. The chip has a grid of about 2, 500 light-sensing elements called pixels.
Light entering the eye strikes the pixels, which convert the light into electrical signals. The pixels then send the electrical signals to nerve cells behind the retina. Those cells send signals via the optic nerve to the brain for interpretation.
      Many people who have had a retinal prosthesis implanted say they can see shapes, colors, and movements that they couldn’t see before. “If was great,” said Harold Churchey, who received his retinal prosthesis 15 years after he became totally blind. “To see light after so long—it was just wonderful. It was just like switching a light on.” (572 words. Current Science. April 7, 2000)

1. Why did Steve Wonder visit Mark Humayan?
  A. He thought Mark’s device might recover his eyesight.
  B. He thought Mark might need his help in developing the device.
  C. He thought Mark might want to listen to his Superstition.
  D. He thought Mark might implant a chip into his right eye.

2. Whom is Mark’s retinal prosthesis ready for?
  A. For those who have been blind from birth.
  B. For those who still have faint vision.
  C. For the blind who once had eyesight.
  D. For those who still have one healthy eye.

3. For detecting colors, we depend, in the first place, on
  A. interpretation by the brain.             
  B. cones of the retina.
  C. rods of the retina.                     
  D. optic nerve.

4. Why does macular degeneration cause blindness and other vision problems?
  A. Macular degeneration causes improper interpretation by the brain.
  B. Macular degeneration makes the retina less sensitive to the light.
  C. Macular degeneration changes the functions of rods and cones.
  D. Macular degeneration causes inadequate supply of blood in the retina.

5. Which of the following statements about the function of retinal prosthesis is true according to the passage?
  A. It can prevent some eye disorders.
  B. It can cure some eye disorders.
  C. It can help recover eyesight to some degree.
  D. It can repair the damaged cones.