>77 Food and Health
      The food we eat seems to have profound effects on our health. Although science has made enormous steps in making food more fit to eat, it has, at the same time, made many foods unfit to eat. Some research has shown that perhaps eighty percent of all human illnesses are related to diet and forty percent of cancer is related to the diet as well, especially cancer of the colon. Different cultures are more prone to contract certain illnesses because of the food that is characteristic in these cultures. That food is related to illness is not a new discovery. In 1945, government researchers realized that nitrates and nitrites, commonly used to preserve color in meats, and other food additives, caused cancer. Yet, these carcinogenic additives remain in our food, and it becomes more difficult all the time to know which things in the packaging labels of processed food are helpful or harmful. The additives which we eat are not all so direct. Farmers often give penicillin to beef and poultry, and because of this, penicillin has been found in the milk of treated cows. Sometimes similar drugs are administered to animals not for medicinal purposes, but for financial reasons. The farmers are simply trying to fatten the animals in order to obtain a higher price on the market. Although the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has tried repeatedly to control these procedures, the practices continue.

      食品与健康
      我们所吃的食物似乎对我们的健康有深远的影响。 尽管科学上已取得许多 进展，使食物更适合我们食用，但与此同时它也使许多食物不宜食用了。 一些研究已经表 明，人类大概有 80%的疾病与饮食有关，40%的癌症，特别是结肠癌，也与饮食有关。 不 同的文化会使人们更易患某些疾病，这是由这些文化的人们喜好的食物所致。 食物与疾病 有关并不是新发现。 1945 年，政府部门的科研工作者了解到，被广泛用于肉类以保持肉类 色泽的硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐和其他的添加剂可诱发癌症。 可是这些致癌物质依然存在于我们 的食物之中。 与此同时，要想知道加工食品标签上的哪些成分对健康有利，哪些成分对健 康不利，变得更加困难了。 我们吃到的这些添加物并非都是如此直接的。 农民常给牛和家 禽注射青霉素，因而在受过注射的牛所产牛奶里发现青霉素。 有时让家禽服用这类药物并 非是为了治病，而是为了经济上的缘故。 农民们只是想使家畜长得更肥壮可以上市场上卖 到好价钱。 虽然食物和药品管理局已一再设法控制这种情况的发生，但是这种行为仍在继 续。
>78 Police and Communities
      Few institutions are more important to an urban community than its police, yet there are few subjects historians know so little about. Most of the early academic interests developed among political scientists and sociologists, who usually examined their own contemporary problems with only a nod toward the past. Even the public seemed concerned only during crime waves, periods of blatant corruption, or after a particularly grisly episode. Party regulars and reformers generally viewed the institution from a political perspective; newspapers and magazines - the nineteenth century's media - emphasized the vivid and spectacular.
      Yet urban society has always vested a wide, indeed awesome, responsibility in its police. Not only were they to maintain order, prevent crime, and protect life and property, but historically they were also to fight fires, suppress vice, assist in health services, supervise elections, direct traffic, inspect buildings, and locate truants and runaways. In addition, it was assumed that the police were the special guardians of the citizens' liberties and the community's tranquillity. Of course, the performance never matched expectations. The record contains some success, but mostly failure; some effective leadership, but largely official incompetence and betrayal. The notion of a professional police force in America is a creation of the twentieth century; not until our own time have cities begun to take the steps necessary to produce modern departments.

      警察与社区
      对城市社区来说，很少有比它的警察更为重要的机构了，但少有课题像历史 学家们对此了解得那样少。 早期的学术兴趣是在政治科学家和社会学家中发展起来的，他 们一般只研究他们自己当代的问题而对过去的问题只是偶尔带过。 甚至公众似乎也仅仅在 犯罪浪潮、明目张胆的贪污或特别的恐怖事件发生时才关心。 政党的忠诚支持者和改革家 们通常是从政治的前途来看待警察这个机构；而报纸和杂志-19 世纪的传播媒介-则着重活泼 生动和惊人的事件。可是城市社会总是把广泛得可怕的责任交给警察。他们不仅维持秩序、 防止犯罪、保护生命财产，而且在过去还要救火、镇压罪恶、协助医疗服务、监督选举、指 挥交通、检查建筑物、寻找逃学学生和搜捕逃犯。 除此以外，警察还被认为是公民自由和社会稳定的特别保护者。 自然，警察的表现并不尽如人意。 他们的记录中有成功者，但多 数是失败的；有高效率的领导，但多半的人在职务上无能和不讲信用。 专业警察部队的概 念在美国还是 20 世纪的产物；直到我们这个时代，一些城市才开始采取设立现代化部门的 必要步骤。