Use of English

　　Read the following text. Choose the best word or phrase marked A, B, C or D for each numbered blank.

　　people live in groups, which we call societies. Societies and social relations are the subject _1_ in the social sciences.

　　Men depend on other and on the world around _2_. The sun brings the warmth and light, day and night, summer and winter. plants grow _3_ there is air and sunshine, earth and water; animals depend on plants; _4_ depend on water, air, sunshine, and the plants and animals around them.

　　Wherever people live and _5_ they look like, many of their _6_ are the same. They need food and places to live _7_, warmth and sleep. They need _8_ social existence; they need friendships and relationships which will _9_ to marriage and family life. The members depend on one _10_.

　　In different societies we find different ways of finding _11_ and different ways of preparing it. Societies have _12_ habits and customs. They teach their children, _13_ sick people, look after old people in various ways. They have different _14_ about life, death and the world _15_ which they were born.

　　Most men _16_ to live in peach. The members of every social group accept certain rules and customs _17_ expect other members to know them. Children are taught to _18_ these rules, and what they do in _19_ life depends on the habits they _20_ when they were young.

　　1. A. studied B. learned C. researched D. explained

　　2. A. it B. them C. us D. everyone

　　3. A. where B. that C. when D. whenever

　　4. A. animals B. plants C. men D. everything

　　5. A. what B. how C. however D. whatever

　　6. A. necessities B. requirements C. realities D. probabilities

　　7. A. in B. on C. with D. by

　　8. A. such B. the C. a D. that

　　9. A. move B. lead C. go D. come

　　10. A. another B. other C. each D. thing

　　11. A. food B. meal C. crops D. cakes

　　12. A. modern B. strict C. various D. limited

　　13. A. care of B. care C. care with D. care for

　　14. A. comments B. considerations C. beliefs D. attitudes

　　15. A. onto B. into C. from D. beyond

　　16. A. want B. think C. have D. believe

　　17. A. or B. but C. and D. so

　　18. A. use B. get C. form D. follow

　　19. A. late B. later C. latter D. latest

　　20. A. learned B. knew C. obtained D. acquired

　　解析:

　　1. A. 这句话的意思是: 社会和社会关系是社会科学研究的课题.此处用的是过去分词短语做定语, 表示 “在社会科学中研究的课题”. study研究;learn学习; research调查研究; explain解释.

　　2. B. 这句话的意思是: 人们依靠其他人以及周围的世界. 备选的答案给出了四个人称代词的宾格. 根据本句的意思, 应该选them, 指代men.

　　3. A. 这句的意思是: 植物生长在有阳光,土壤和水分的地方. 副词where引导的是地点状语.

　　4. C. 这句的意思是: 人类依靠水, 空气, 阳光, 植物和他们周围的动物生存. men为复数,表示 “人类”. 前面两句分别讲了植物依靠什么生长,以及动物依靠什么生存,由此推断,这里要讲的是人类依靠什么生存.

　　5. D. 这句的意思是: 不管人们住在哪里以及看起来是什么样子,他们的许多需求是相同的. Whatever 不论什么, 是代词, and 连接两个并列句, 根据一致性的原则以及此句的意思可以判断应选 whatever. 这里所填的词要做like的宾语, 所以可以排除how, however.

　　6. B. necessities 必需品; requirement 要求, 需要的东西; realities 事实; probabilities 可能性,概率.

　　7. A. 这句话的意思是: 他们需要食物和住宿的地方. 不定式短语做定语是, 如果动词是不及物的, 则要加上介词,构成及物动词短语, 因为该动词的逻辑宾语就是它前面所要修饰的词. 这里表示可居住的地方, 正确的搭配只有live in.

　　8. C. 这句话的意思是: 他们需要一个社会的存在,他们需要友谊以及最终可以维持婚姻和家庭生活的关系.这里是泛指,并且是首次提到social existence.

　　9. B. move to 把某物移动到某地; lead to 导致.

　　10. A. 这句话的意思是: 社会成员互相依靠. 此空的意思是 “彼此”; one another三者或三者以上; each other 彼此.

　　11. A. 这句话的意思是: 不同的社会人们寻找食物和准备食物的方法也不同. Food 食物; meal 一餐,一顿饭; crop 庄稼; cake 蛋糕.

　　12. C. 这句话的意思是: 不同的社会有不同的风俗习惯. modern现代的; strict 严格的,严厉的; various 各种各样的, 不同的; limited 有限的, 狭窄的.

　　13. D.这句话的意思是: 他们以不同的方式教育孩子,看护病人以及照顾老人. 此题的备选答案中只有 care for 是正确的动词短语, 表示 “关心,照顾”. A选项的 care of 必须要与 take搭配才能构成动词短语,即 take care of意思也是 “关心, 照顾”.

　　14.C这句话的意思是: 他们对于生命,死亡以及他们出生的这个世界有不同的信仰. comment评论意见; consideration考虑, 体谅; attitude 态度. 这里指 “他们对…有不同的信仰”, 应选beliefs.

　　15. B 这句话中, which在它引导的定语从句中做介词宾语,只有 be born into是正确的搭配, 意思是 “出生在…地方”.

　　16. A 这句话的意思是:大多数人想要生活在和平之中. 在四个备选答案中, 只有want, have 可以和 to搭配. Want to 想,想要; have to必须, 不得不.

　　17. C. 这句话的意思是: 每个社会群体的成员们接受一定的规则和风俗习惯, 并且希望其他的成员也能知道这些规则和风俗习惯. 此处要用一个连词来连接两个并列的句子, 根据句意只能用and.

　　18. D. 这句话的意思是: 孩子们被教育要遵循这些规定, 而且他们在今后的生活中的行为将部分地依赖于他们年轻时养成的习惯, 所以应该用follow those rules. Use使用; get得到; form形成.

　　19. B. late迟的, 晚的; later后来的, 更后面的; latter 两者中后者的; latest最近的, 最新的.此处的意思是 “在后面的生活中”,应选 later.

　　20. A. learn学习; know 知道, 了解; obtain 获得, 得到; acquire 获取. 此处的意思是 “在年轻是学到的习惯”, 所以 learn the habits是最佳的搭配. learn when they were young是定语从句, learn的宾语是已被省去的关系代词 that/ which .


　　Reading Comprehension

　　Thomas Jefferson

　　Thomas Jefferson, the third president of the United States, may be less famous than George Washington and Abraham Lincoln, but most people remember at least one fact about him: he wrote the Declaration of Independence. That important document explained why the thirteen American colonies should become free form English rule.

　　Although Jefferson lived more than 200 years ago, there is much that we can learn from him today. Many of his ideas are interesting to modern youth. Here are some of the things he said and wrote:

　　Go and see. Jefferson believed that a free man obtains knowledge from many sources besides books and that personal investigation is important. When still a young man, he was appointed to a committee to find out whether the South Branch of the James River was deep enough to be used by large boats. While the other members of the committee sat in the state capitol and studied papers in the subject, Jefferson got into a canoe and made on-the-spot observations.

　　You can learn from everyone. In 1743 Jefferson was born into wealth. His father was an army colonel; his father was a member of an old and important family. By birth and by education he belonged to the highest social class. Yet, in a way when few noble persons ever spoke to those of humble origins except to give an order, Jefferson went out of his way to talk with gardeners, servants, and waiters. Making people feel comfortable enough to talk freely is a real art. Jefferson once said to the French nobleman, Lafayette “you must go into the people’s homes as I have done, you may find out why people are dissatisfied and understand the revolution that is threatening France.”

　　Judge for yourself. Jefferson refused to accept other people’s opinions without careful thought.

　　“Neither believe nor reject anything,” he wrote to his nephew, “because any other has rejected or believed it. Heaven has given you a mind for judging truth and error. Use it.”

　　Jefferson’s statements about allowing expression of opinion have long been American’s guides. He felt that the people “may safely be trusted to hear everything true and false, and to form a correct judgment. Were it left to me to decide whether we should have a government without newspapers or newspapers without a government, I should not hesitate a moment to prefer the latter.

　　Do what you believe is right. In a free country there will always be conflicting ideas, and this is a source of strength. It is a conflict and not unquestioning agreement that keeps freedom alive. Though Jefferson was for many years the object of strong criticism, he never answered his critics. He expressed his philosophy in letters to his friend, General George Rogers Clarks who was also being unfairly criticized: “if you want to escape unfriendly comment, you should have remained within the sleepy line of regular duty. There are two sides to every question. If you take one side with decision and act on it with effect, those who take the other will of course resent your actions.”

　　1.Jefferson believed that ____.

　　A.a free man gets knowledge from books.

　　B.a free man gets knowledge from not only books but also many other sources.

　　C.a free man gets knowledge from personal investigation.

　　D.both B&C

　　2.Jefferson’s attitude towards people of humble origins _____.

　　A.was to look down upon them.

　　B.was to go to their homes.

　　C.was to look into their cooking pots and eat their bread.

　　D.was to treat them equally without any discrimination.

　　3.How would you understand the sentence “Heaven has given you a mind for judging truth and error”?

　　A.You must judge truth and error for yourself.

　　B.You cannot believe anything because any other person has believed it.

　　C.You cannot reject anything because any other person has rejected it.

　　D.Both B&C

　　4. The philosophy of Jefferson’s determination never to answer his critics was that ____.

　　A.the conflicting ideas are the sources of strength

　　B.unquestioning agreement keeps freedom alive

　　C.there are many sides to every question

　　D.he wants to be the object of criticism

　　5.What can you infer from the passage?

　　A.Thomas Jefferson was famous for his Declaration of Independence.

　　B.Many of Thomas Jefferson’s ideas are interesting to modern youth.

　　C.Declaration of Independence was a very important document.

　　D.Thomas Jefferson was less famous than George Washington and Abraham Lincoln.

　　解析:

　　1.D. 从文章第三段可以得知, 杰弗逊认为人不仅要从书本和其他资源获取知识, 同时还要通过实地的个人调查.

　　2.D. 从第四段得知, 他提倡深入到人民当中去体察民情. 他与出身卑微的人叫, 说明他希望人们都能不带歧视地平等对待出生卑微的人.

　　3.A. 杰弗逊谈到了上帝给了我们辨别对错的思想和能力, 这句话的意思是: 你天生有判断对错的能力, 你必须依靠自己进行判断.

　　4.A. 文章最后一段第二句话的意思是: 他认为没有必要回应那些批判他的人, 因为这种有冲突的思想才识力量的源泉.

　　5.B. 文章没有说杰弗逊是因为 <<独立宣言>> 才出名的; 文章告诉我们这是一部重要的文件, 并没有说非常重要; 文中说他可能不如华盛顿和林肯出名,但没有说成绝对. 所以我们只能断定年轻人对他的思想很感兴趣.
　　Theodore Dreiser

　　Theodore Dreiser is old—he is very, very old. I do not know how many years he has lived, perhaps forty, perhaps fifty, but he is very old. Something gray and bleak and hurtful, that has been in the world perhaps forever, is personified in him.

　　When Dreiser is gone men shall write books, many of them, and in the books they shall write there will be so many of the qualities Dreiser lacks. The new, the younger men shall have a sense of humor. More than that, American prose writers shall have grace, lightness of touch, a dream of beauty breaking through the husks of life.

　　of those who follow him shall have many things that Dreiser does not have. That is a part of the wonder and beauty of Theodore Dreiser, the things that others shall have because of him.

　　Long ago, when he was editor of the Delineator, Dreiser went one day, with a woman friend, to visit an orphan asylum. The woman once told me the story of that afternoon in the big, ugly gray building, folding and refolding his pocket-handkerchief—all in their little uniforms, trooping in.

　　“The tears ran down his cheeks and he shook his head”, the woman said, and that is a real picture of Theodore Dreiser. He is old in spirit and he does not know what to do with life, so he tells about it as he sees it, simply and honestly. The tears run down his cheeks and he folds and refolds the pocket-handkerchief and shakes his head.

　　Heavy, heavy, the feet of Theodore. How easy to pick some of his books to pieces, to laugh at him for so much of his heavy prose.

　　The feet of Theodore are making a path, the heavy brutal feet. They are tramping trough the wilderness of lies, making a path. presently the path will be a street, with great arches overhead and delicately carved spires piercing the sky. Along the street will run children, shouting, “Look at me. See what I and my fellows of the new day have done”—forgetting the heavy feet of Dreiser.

　　The fellows of the ink-pots, the prose writers in America who follow Dreiser, will have much to do that has never done. Their road is long but, because of him, those follow will never have to face the road through the wilderness of puritan denial, the road that Dreiser faced alone.

　　Heavy, heavy, hangs over thy head,

　　Fine, or superfine?

　　6.This passage is to __.
　　A.criticize Theodore Dreiser　　B.praise Theodore Dreiser
　　C.defend Theodore Dreiser　　D.ridicule Theodore Dreiser

　　7.“Heavy, heavy, the feet of Theodore”, it means___.
　　A.Theodore Dreiser was very, very old
　　B.Theodore Dreiser was old in spirit
　　C.Theodore Dreiser was tramping the wilderness
　　D.The tone of Theodore Dreiser’s work was very heavy.

　　8.What happened when Dreiser went to and orphan asylum one day?
　　A.He burst into tears.　　B.He felt pity for the children there.
　　C.He shook his head.　　D.All of the above.

　　9.What is the meaning of “the follows of the ink-pots”?
　　A.people who follow Theodore Dreiser.
　　B.people who like Theodore Dreiser.
　　C.people who write.
　　D.people who write prose.

　　10.What can you infer from the passage?
　　A.Dreiser had no sense of humor.
　　B.Dreiser lived a hard life throughout his life.
　　C.Dreiser paved a way for the younger writers in America.
　　D.Both A&B.

　　解析:

　　本文的难度相对较大.考察深入理解的能力. 本文的写作风格十分独特.从表面上看好是在批判狄奥多一世-卓端年龄大,有不懂幽默,但实际上本文是在赞扬他并为他的行为辩护. 那些从他那里学习写作的人有了很多他不具备的东西,也许这才识他的神奇和魅力所在.

　　6.C.
　　通读全文, 可知文章的本意是表示对狄奥多一世卓端的支持和赞扬, 而绝非是批判.

　　7.D.
　　这句话的表面意思是 “他的脚很重”, 实际是引申他的作品氛围和色彩和凝重.

　　8.D.
　　第五段讲了他在一个孤儿院看到那些孩子的时候, 泪流满面, 并且不停的把他的手绢折来折去, 还不断地摇头, 这说明他对孩子们的处境很同情.

　　9.C.
　　这句话表面意思可以理解为 “喝墨水罐的那些人”,引申开来,这些人就是指 “从事写作工作的人”.

　　10.C.
　　A指他没有幽默感, 知识一些人的观点; B指他一生过着艰难的生活, 文章并没有提到这一点; C指他为美国的年轻一代作家铺平了道路, 打下了基础.

　　Translation:

　　11.After graduating from Wellesley College, Madeleine K Albright married and began graduate studies at Columbia University.
　　(提示：graduate studies　研究生学习)

　　12.For the next two years she worked for Senator Edmund Muskie, who showed her the way of Capitol Hill.
　　(提示：Capitol Hill　代指国会)

　　13.She learned to mix up in the diplomatic worlds of men—“woman have to learn to interrupt,” she once said.
　　(提示：mix up参加，参与)

　　14.Clinton was so impressed with her that after the election, he offered her the post of U.S. ambassador to the United Nations.

　　15.With permanent entree to the highest levels of the Administration, she began putting her mark on Clinton’s foreign-policy decision.
　　(提示：entrée进入权，入场权)

　　参考译文:

　　11. 从韦尔斯利学院毕业以后,奥尔布赖特结婚并开始在哥伦比亚大学学习研究生课程.

　　12. 在随后的两年里,她为参议员埃得蒙马斯基工作, 他使她了解美国国会的工作情况.

　　13. 她学会了在外交世界里拳打脚踢.她曾经说过:"女人必须学会打断别人说话."

　　14. 克林顿对她印象很深，当选总统后提名她担任美国驻联合国大使.

　　15. 由于她已经进入政府高层，她开始对克林顿的外交决策施加影响.